Resonance and damping. A heavy steel case may help a bit. Rubber mounts
for fans or drives may help a bit. But it is pretty hard to predict which
products will be effective. And each person's perception of noise can be
different (some people are bothered by certain kinds of noises, more than
others).
There can be unit to unit variation as well. Like a side panel that
doesn't
fit well, and resonates with some internal vibration.
The choice of vent hole type can make a difference. If you mount a fan
next to a "cheese grater" type of vent cover, you may get more turbulence
noise than from a wire grill.
Some cases use serpentine air paths, to baffle noise. Or place the air
intake, near the bottom front of the case. All in an effort to avoid
a direct path for sound waves. Again, that doesn't help, if the case
is still basically transparent, and there are other ways for the internal
noises to escape.
It is possible to use sound absorbing mats inside a case, but that also
tends to drive up the internal operating temperature a bit.
The best way to avoid noise, is to cut down on the number of things that
rotate. This is an example of a very expensive case ($600), that dumps
internal
heat by using heat pipes. The heat pipes connect to the outside of the
case, so the case functions as a heatsink.
Zalman TNN-300
http://www.silentpcreview.com/article302-page1.html
And if you insist on using high performance computer parts (130W processor
plus two 8800GTX, for example), then it is going to be next to impossible
to keep a computer case for that hardware, quiet.
Paul