We could use downloading porn as an example.
Say I have two disk drives. C: is my internal drive. E: is my brand
new external USB drive.
Depending on the tool used, the tool may use the $TEMP directory.
At least Windows would. The download would be stored in the temporary
folder on the C: drive, and then at the last instant, would be moved
to the E: drive. The space on C: is marked free, but the sectors
containing the pornographic image are still present on the C: drive.
A person with forensic tools, can easily recover the file from the C:
drive,
at least until some future point in time, where a new file happens to be
placed on top of those particular free sectors.
As Philo described, a tool which overwrites "free space", is one way
to physically remove the stuff that used to live in C:, in the
$TEMP directory. You would empty the "Recycle Bin", go to your
browser and clear the file cache, then run the free space wiping tool.
(There may be other spots that could use a cleaning as well, like
your cookie collection, but you get the basic idea.)
The computer system memory, may also contain a copy of the file. If
law enforcement officers were to burst into the house right now, and
you jumped out a window holding your E: drive under your arm, the
system memory may still contain the pornographic image. Shutting
down the computer and unplugging it, is one way to take care of that.
I doubt that the page file, ever sees the contents of file caching
(because that would be dumb), but the page file is another place
that user information could be hiding in. For example, an encryption
key could be sitting in the page file, for all I know.
The best security, is taking the boot drive with you
Using a tray
mount system, you can remove the drive tray and take it with you.
Otherwise, you'll need to do more security research, to discover
all the potential mechanisms that could expose your data.
And I don't even know anything about security
Your computer is a
"leaky boat" when it comes to information. Always assume the worst,
when it comes to security matters. When you jump out the window,
tuck your C: drive under your arm.
Paul